Sorry, I forgot the title:

Bender-Oser Nicole 2004 univ.Bern
"Die Aquatile Hypothese zum Ursprung des Menschen -
Max Westenhöfer’s Theorie und ihre Bedeutung für die Anthropologie"

Nicole Bender-Oser
(dissertation prof. Urs Boschung Bern 2004/2005)

Op ma 13 mrt 2023 om 11:41 schreef marc verhaegen <littor...@gmail.com>:

Op vrijdag 10 maart 2023 om 23:04:48 UTC+1 schreef marc verhaegen:

Mijn recent boek "De evolutie van de mens -
waarom wij rechtop lopen en kunnen spreken -
medisch-biologische inzichten en fossiele vondsten"
Acad.Uitg. Eburon 2022 Utrecht,
google "GondwanaTalks Verhaegen".

Wiki shortened:
Maximilian Joseph Johann Westenhöfer °9.2.1871, Ansbach, Bavaria ... father, school teacher, Johan Karl Westenhöffer ... studied Univ.Berlin, graduated 1894 ... pupil of Rudolf Virchow, Prof.Pathology Univ.Berlin (interest in public health) ...

first employment army doctor, which he remained (apart from 3 yrs in Chile) until 1922.

-- 1st tenure in Chile (1908-11): Social medicine report & expulsion: In 1908 he was hired by Augusto Matte (govt.Chile) to teach Pathology (Sch.Med. Univ.Chile). As an international expert with the role to reform & modernize the teaching of pathology

in Chile, he was provided by the Chilean govt with a higher salary than local medical colleagues, leading to envy & resentment among some Chilean physicians. In 1911 he published the "Westenhöfer Report", a 5-part series (Berliner klinische
Wochenschrift) where he described in critical terms the poor health conditions & hygiene practices in certain urban areas & nursing homes in Santiago of Chile. His report led to protests from the conservative sector of the Chilean society, evt. causing
the govt to deport him from Chile, but the Univ.Chile Student Federation (FECH) incl.his medical students, some unions & leftist parties gave public support to Westenhöfer, and protested his expulsion. In Aug.1911 there was a massive march in Santiago
of Chile to protest his expulsion, and make a judicial appeal to prevent it, but it did not take place until after he had left.

-- Return to Germany (1911-29): prof.pathology Univ.Berlin: returned to Germany & resumed his career with the army. During WW-I, he served as a military surgeon (Oberstabsarzt) and was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class. In 1922 he became Prof.Pathology

Univ.Berlin. At this time he was also deputy chairman of the Berlin Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene.

-- 2nd tenure in Chile (1929-32): Reform of Chilean pathology: He returned to Chile in 1929, and for 3 years directed the Dept.Pathol. Med.Sch.Univ.Chile. This was his most fruitful period in furthering the development & the quality of Chilean medicine.

He modernised the practice of pathology, and trained Chilean colleagues. Pathology institutes were founded in the hospitals in Santiago & Valparaiso. His stress on the social determinants of mortality & morbidity influenced a generation of students,
incl. Salvador Allende (med.student activist, later President of Chile). In Chile, after studying the incidence of syphilis, he contributed to the ongoing controversy about the origin of this disease, he observed little effect of the disease in Indian
carriers vs terrible effects in patiens of European origin, leading him to propose: a corresponding STD had been present in America before the European conquest.

-- Back to Germany (1932-48): Publication of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis ... spent WW-II in Germany ... retirement in Wasserburg am Bodensee. From 1923 onwards, he wrote several books & papers on human evolution, perhaps most fully in his 1942 book "Der

Eigenweg des Menschen" (translated as "The Path Travelled by Man Alone" or "The Unique Road to Man"), suggesting, amongst other things, that adaptation to water has played a significant part in the history of human development. That particular idea has
since been developed as the controversial Aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH), but the details of Westenhöfer's theory, such as that bipedalism is primitive in mammals, are not shared by most modern supporters of the AAH.

-- Final tenure in Chile (1948-57): In 1948 (age 77) he returned to Chile under a contract with the Junta Central de Beneficencia (Central Board of Charities) to serve as a pathology adviser ... he was decorated by the govt with the Order of Bernardo O'

Higgins. His legacy on the teaching of the anatomic pathology in Chile was continued by his students, esp. Dr Ismael Mena (Univ.Chile) & Dr Roberto Barahona Silva (founder Dept Pathology, Pontifical Catholic Univ.Chile).

-- Personal life: Westenhöfer was married twice: 1st marriage (Anna Maria): 3 children: Grete (born in Chile), Rudolf (educated German School of Santiago), only Wolf survived the war, and lived in Berlin with 6 children. 2nd marriage to Jutta Windmŭ

ller, who survived him ... died 25.9.57 (86 yrs old), in Santiago de Chile (Cementerio General).

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