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Analysis
Nation’s Declining Report Card Mirrors Drops in State Standardized Test
Scores
DiMarco: New FutureEd analysis shows national score declines largely
mirror trends of the 42 states that have published state results from
this spring
FutureEd
By Bella DiMarco October 25, 2022
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reporting on the latest topics in education.
This analysis originally appeared at FutureEd
Updated Oct. 31
The recent release of scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) provided a jarring reminder of the pandemic’s impact on academic achievement. The U.S. Department of Education’s portrait of
student proficiency in math and English language arts in fourth and
eighth grades found declines in every state between 2019 and 2022. In two thirds of states, proficiency rates dropped in both subjects and in both
tested grades.
And students in states that re-opened schools quickly during the pandemic
often performed no better than those in states that stuck with remote
learning longer. Hardest hit were eighth-grade math proficiency rates,
which fell 8 percentage points as the raw test score saw its biggest drop
in the history of the national testing program.
Though it’s difficult to make precise comparisons between NAEP and state-
level standardized test results, the NAEP trends largely mirror the
findings of a FutureEd analysis of the testing trends of the 42 states
that have released results from spring 2022 and have scores that can be compared to previous years.
English Language Arts
Nationally, 33 percent of fourth graders scored at the proficient or
advanced levels on the 2022 NAEP reading assessment, down 2 percentage
points from 2019. The share of proficient students also fell two points
at the eighth-grade level, from 33 to 31 percent. That comes at reading
scores at both grade levels dropped 3 points, leaving them not
significantly different from 1992. The 2022 assessment, administered
between January and March, included nearly 450,000 fourth and eighth
graders in more than 10,000 schools. It relies on a representative sample
of students in all states and some large cities, while state testing is intended to capture results from all students.
On the NAEP, a proficient student demonstrates “solid academic
performance and competency over challenging subject matter.” States
typically determine their own standards for what is considered
proficiency on their own testing and set a score to determine which
students meet the mark. All but six of the 42 states that have released
testing results from spring 2022 saw declines in overall proficiency
rates from 2019, FutureEd’s analysis shows. A state’s overall proficiency
rate includes English language arts scores from grades 3 through 8, as
well as a high school test in some states. Seventeen states were within 5 percentage points of their 2019 overall rates. Another 14 dropped five or
more points. And in five states, 2022 rates were a striking 10 or more
points below their pre-pandemic levels.
On average, states’ English language arts proficiency rates declined 4 percentage points, with North Carolina seeing the largest drop, at 16
points. States did not administer standardized tests in spring 2020, and
not all of them tested their students in spring 2021. Of those that did,
most made up some ground in English language arts between 2021 and 2022,
with an average gain of 1 percentage point. Texas students posted a 9 percentage point proficiency gain, the largest increase among states that
have released their 2022 results.
In fourth and eighth grades — which are tested by the NAEP — state
standardized test results showed that only four of the 42 states in the FutureEd analysis recorded higher English language arts proficiency
scores at the fourth grade level in 2022 than in 2019: Texas, where the proficiency rate was up 11 percentage points, Alabama, up 6 points, and Tennessee, up 5 points. The steepest proficiency declines were in
Massachusetts (14 points) and Delaware (13 points).
Eighth-grade English language arts scores had a few bright spots, with
Alabama showing a 10 percentage point gain in proficiency, Iowa rising 6 points, Texas rising 3 points and five other states increasing
proficiency by a point or two between 2019 and 2022. But the overwhelming majority of states lost ground, with North Carolina registering the
largest decline, 15 points.
None of these states saw gains in proficiency on the fourth- and eighth-
grade NAEP reading tests, and Tennessee’s rate actually fell by 5
percentage points in fourth grade. Delaware’s sharp decline continued in
the NAEP with an 8-point drop in fourth-grade reading, as did North
Carolina’s, with a 7-point drop in eighth grade.
The differences between the NAEP and state testing are not entirely
surprising. NAEP sets a higher bar for proficiency than most state tests
do. Some states actually lowered their cut scores for what qualifies as proficient in the past two years, and some states changed tests. Alabama, Arizona and Kentucky changed tests between 2019 and 2022 and offered
cautions while providing comparisons across the years. Maine and New
Mexico also changed tests, but the scores could not be compared. At the
same time, state tests are often more closely aligned to state standards
and what students learn in the classroom — meaning they may capture
student achievement trends more accurately.
Flourish logoA Flourish map
Math
The results in math were more discouraging, both on the NAEP and state
tests. At the NAEP’s fourth-grade level, the rate of students scoring proficient or above fell from 41 percent in 2019 to 37 percent this year.
Among eighth graders, the proficiency rate fell from 34% to about 26%.
Both are significant drops that mirror unprecedented declines in raw test scores: a 5-point drop at the fourth-grade level and an 8-point decline
in eighth grade.
Likewise, all state tests but one in the FutureEd study showed declines
in overall math proficiency rates between 2019 and 2022. Eleven states
were within five percentage points of their pre-pandemic performance, 22 dropped five or more points and in nine states proficiency rates were 10
or more points below their pre-pandemic levels.
The average drop in statewide proficiency in math was 8 percentage
points. Alabama registered the greatest loss, with proficiency dropping
19 percentage points behind the 2019 level. Several other states,
including South Dakota, Wyoming and Missouri, were only 3 percentage
points behind their pre-pandemic levels by 2022. Mississippi managed to
regain all the ground it had lost, the only state to do so in math across
all tested grades.
Most states reversed some of their losses in math between 2021 and 2022,
with an average increase of 3 percentage points. Virginia had one of the largest increases, at 12 percentage points, though it still lagged its
2019 proficiency level by 16 percentage points.
We found no states making gains in fourth-grade math and several states
with steep declines on state tests: proficiency rates dropped 17
percentage points in Virginia, 16 points in Delaware and the District of Columbia, and 13 points in Alabama.
The only proficiency gains on state standardized tests at the eighth-
grade level were in Georgia and Missouri, at 1 and 3 percentage points, respectively. Rates were flat in Mississippi. But they were down 24
percentage points in Alabama, the largest drop in the nation, 20 points
in Virginia, 17 points in Texas, and 14 points in Ohio, Delaware and
Washington state.
FutureEd research associates Benito Aranda-Comer and Nathalie Kirsch contributed to this analysis.
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Republish This Article Learn More
Bella DiMarco is a policy analyst for FutureEd, an independent,
nonpartisan think tank at Georgetown University’s McCourt School of
Public Policy.
accountability assessments K-12 education learning loss learning recovery
NAEP
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<h1>Nation’s Declining Report Card Mirrors Drops in State Standardized
Test Scores</h1>
<h2>DiMarco: New FutureEd analysis shows national score declines largely
mirror trends of the 42 states that have published state results from
this spring</h2>
<p class="sans">By <a rel="author" href="
https://www.the74million.org/contributor/bella-dimarco-2/">Bella DiMarco</a></p>
<img src="
https://www.the74million.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/state- assessmnet-trends-NAEP.jpg">
<p>This story first appeared at <a href="
https://www.the74million.org">
The 74</a>, a nonprofit news site covering education. <a href="
https://www.the74million.org/about/newsletters/? utm_source=republish-button&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=republish">
Sign up for free newsletters from The 74</a> to get more like this in
your inbox.</p>
<p><em>This analysis originally </em><a href="
https://www.future- ed.org/"><em>appeared at FutureEd</em></a></p>
<p><em>Updated Oct. 31</em></p>
<p>The recent release of scores from the National Assessment of
Educational Progress (NAEP) provided a jarring reminder of the pandemic’s impact on academic achievement. The U.S. Department of Education’s
portrait of student proficiency in math and English language arts in
fourth and eighth grades found declines in every state between 2019 and
2022. In two thirds of states, proficiency rates dropped in both subjects
and in both tested grades.</p>
<p>And students in states that re-opened schools quickly during the
pandemic often performed no better than those in states that stuck with
remote learning longer. Hardest hit were eighth-grade math proficiency
rates, which fell 8 percentage points as the raw test score saw its
biggest drop in the history of the national testing program.</p>
<p>Though it’s difficult to make precise comparisons between NAEP and state-level standardized test results, the NAEP trends largely mirror the findings of a FutureEd analysis of the testing trends of the 42 states
that have released results from spring 2022 and have scores that can be compared to previous years.</p>
<h3><strong>English Language Arts</strong></h3>
<p>Nationally, 33 percent of fourth graders scored at the proficient or advanced levels on the 2022 NAEP reading assessment, down 2 percentage
points from 2019. The share of proficient students also fell two points
at the eighth-grade level, from 33 to 31 percent. That comes at reading
scores at both grade levels dropped 3 points, leaving them not
significantly different from 1992. The 2022 assessment, administered
between January and March, included nearly 450,000 fourth and eighth
graders in more than 10,000 schools. It relies on a representative sample
of students in all states and some large cities, while state testing is intended to capture results from all students.</p>
<p>On the NAEP, a proficient student demonstrates “solid academic
performance and competency over challenging subject matter.” States
typically determine their own standards for what is considered
proficiency on their own testing and set a score to determine which
students meet the mark. All but six of the 42 states that have released
testing results from spring 2022 saw declines in overall proficiency
rates from 2019, FutureEd’s analysis shows. A state’s overall proficiency
rate includes English language arts scores from grades 3 through 8, as
well as a high school test in some states. Seventeen states were within 5 percentage points of their 2019 overall rates. Another 14 dropped five or
more points. And in five states, 2022 rates were a striking 10 or more
points below their pre-pandemic levels.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="
https://www.the74million.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/State- Assessment-Trends-7-1-copy.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="999" height="749" src="
https://www.the74million.org/wp- content/uploads/2022/10/State-Assessment-Trends-7-1-copy.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-698989" srcset="
https://www.the74million.org/wp- content/uploads/2022/10/State-Assessment-Trends-7-1-copy.jpg 999w,
https://www.the74million.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/State-Assessment- Trends-7-1-copy-300x225.jpg 300w,
https://www.the74million.org/wp- content/uploads/2022/10/State-Assessment-Trends-7-1-copy-667x500.jpg
667w,
https://www.the74million.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/State- Assessment-Trends-7-1-copy-172x129.jpg 172w,
https://www.the74million.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/State-Assessment- Trends-7-1-copy-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 999px) 100vw,
999px" /></a></figure>
<p>On average, states’ English language arts proficiency rates declined 4 percentage points, with North Carolina seeing the largest drop, at 16
points. States did not administer standardized tests in spring 2020, and
not all of them tested their students in spring 2021. Of those that did,
most made up some ground in English language arts between 2021 and 2022,
with an average gain of 1 percentage point. Texas students posted a 9 percentage point proficiency gain, the largest increase among states that
have released their 2022 results.</p>
<p>In fourth and eighth grades — which are tested by the NAEP — state standardized test results showed that only four of the 42 states in the FutureEd analysis recorded higher English language arts proficiency
scores at the fourth grade level in 2022 than in 2019: Texas, where the proficiency rate was up 11 percentage points, Alabama, up 6 points, and Tennessee, up 5 points. The steepest proficiency declines were in
Massachusetts (14 points) and Delaware (13 points).</p>
<p>Eighth-grade English language arts scores had a few bright spots, with Alabama showing a 10 percentage point gain in proficiency, Iowa rising 6 points, Texas rising 3 points and five other states increasing
proficiency by a point or two between 2019 and 2022. But the overwhelming majority of states lost ground, with North Carolina registering the
largest decline, 15 points.</p>
<p>None of these states saw gains in proficiency on the fourth- and eighth-grade NAEP reading tests, and Tennessee’s rate actually fell by 5 percentage points in fourth grade. Delaware’s sharp decline continued in
the NAEP with an 8-point drop in fourth-grade reading, as did North
Carolina’s, with a 7-point drop in eighth grade.</p>
<p>The differences between the NAEP and state testing are not entirely surprising. NAEP sets a higher bar for proficiency than most state tests
do. Some states actually lowered their cut scores for what qualifies as proficient in the past two years, and some states changed tests. Alabama, Arizona and Kentucky changed tests between 2019 and 2022 and offered
cautions while providing comparisons across the years. Maine and New
Mexico also changed tests, but the scores could not be compared. At the
same time, state tests are often more closely aligned to state standards
and what students learn in the classroom — meaning they may capture
student achievement trends more accurately.</p>
<div class="flourish-embed flourish-map" data- src="visualisation/11540185"><script src="
https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>
<h3><strong>Math</strong></h3>
<p>The results in math were more discouraging, both on the NAEP and state tests. At the NAEP’s fourth-grade level, the rate of students scoring proficient or above fell from 41 percent in 2019 to 37 percent this year.
Among eighth graders, the proficiency rate fell from 34% to about 26%.
Both are significant drops that mirror unprecedented declines in raw test scores: a 5-point drop at the fourth-grade level and an 8-point decline
in eighth grade.</p>
<p>Likewise, all state tests but one in the FutureEd study showed
declines in overall math proficiency rates between 2019 and 2022. Eleven
states were within five percentage points of their pre-pandemic
performance, 22 dropped five or more points and in nine states
proficiency rates were 10 or more points below their pre-pandemic levels.
<p>The average drop in statewide proficiency in math was 8 percentage
points. Alabama registered the greatest loss, with proficiency dropping
19 percentage points behind the 2019 level. Several other states,
including South Dakota, Wyoming and Missouri, were only 3 percentage
points behind their pre-pandemic levels by 2022. Mississippi managed to
regain all the ground it had lost, the only state to do so in math across
all tested grades.</p>
<p>Most states reversed some of their losses in math between 2021 and
2022, with an average increase of 3 percentage points. Virginia had one
of the largest increases, at 12 percentage points, though it still lagged
its 2019 proficiency level by 16 percentage points.</p>
<p>We found no states making gains in fourth-grade math and several
states with steep declines on state tests: proficiency rates dropped 17 percentage points in Virginia, 16 points in Delaware and the District of Columbia, and 13 points in Alabama.</p>
<p>The only proficiency gains on state standardized tests at the eighth-
grade level were in Georgia and Missouri, at 1 and 3 percentage points, respectively. Rates were flat in Mississippi. But they were down 24
percentage points in Alabama, the largest drop in the nation, 20 points
in Virginia, 17 points in Texas, and 14 points in Ohio, Delaware and
Washington state.</p>
<iframe loading="lazy" width="600" height="500" src="
https://datastudio.google.com/embed/reporting/41c7d696-84d8-485f- 8457-b79a1b623f83/page/p_xw1bo3fqzc" frameborder="0" style="border:0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
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